The British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote: "We estimate that the basics of production in railways, copper mines, and textile mills after 10 years are rare, sometimes even nothing." If people are so uncertain What is their decision? They can only be taken because of the animal spirit. "
- George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller, Animal Spirits [Princeton University Press, 2009]
In this article, we explore the revival of Keynes's "animal spirit" theory to explain the potential psychological forces driving economic work. We will discuss the concept of animal spirit in the field of economics and its application in the branch of economics that intersects sociology and psychology, called behavioral economics.
In addition, in order to entertain our readers, we will quantify some of the qualitative elements that make up human psychology, which Keynes calls animal spirit. By doing this with ease and pleasure, we hope to reveal the impact of the core of human behavior on the global economy and the flow of political trends.
Applicable to modern economics, Ackerlof and Shiller define animal spirit as "a factor of uneasiness and inconsistency in the economy. It reflects our special relationship with ambiguity or uncertainty. Overcoming our fears and indecisions."
The concept of some vague motives in the economy is nothing new. For example, in the "National Wealth Theory" [1776], Adam Smith described the economy as "as if with an invisible hand." Therefore, we see Keynes taking a small step to develop an animal spirit notice to describe the same ambiguity. Keynes widely commented that although rational motives control most economic activities, humans still act and react in unreasonable ways in the market, purely non-economic motives.
Some may speculate that some basic spiritual energy and vitality, that is, the basic "identity" or "original desire" of human nature, will encourage our behavior to benefit from the orderly veneer of the so-called rational economy. We will stay in the recognized social sciences and explore the basic Id.
The concept of Id provides us with a very developed and useful tool that we can use to measure the power and outcome of animal mental events. We want to be dismissive and don't want to make a long story. Let us first summarize the necessary principles laid down by Sigmund Freud, Rudolf Steiner and others at the turn of the twentieth century.
We start with the concept of "I", which is the basic view of our personal self. This stems from what we can collectively call everything in the universe. For each of us, our "I" has its own unique set of uncoordinated instinctive trends. Freud and others called this set of trends "Id."
From this point on, let us follow the path described by Steiner, who describes the Statue of Liberty as having the power and freedom [free will] to produce "ideas" through our human thoughts. From here, Steiner explained that our thoughts bring people's minds into "action." To be more succinct, we go from I to Id to Idea and finally to Action.
We are now at a joke, we must consider the same duality and form a unified human behavior. We don't want to lose any readers at this critical point, we will introduce some interesting elements into the discussion. Instead of explaining this directly, let us play the game.
For the sake of simplicity, we will build our games, just like the many stocks we see in various newspapers, magazines and self-help books, or maybe during the job application process. We will use a "counting table" consisting of seven horizontal lines.
After pausing to draw the seven lines, let's draw ten equidistant benchmarks along these lines. Finally, from left to right, we number each set of markers from 1 to 10. If you are sitting on the beach reading this section, you can draw on the beach with your fingers or a bar of wine.
Next, we ask the reader to look at the paired statements and circle a numbered tag on each line. In the next section, you will find seven pairs of statements. In each pair, the two statements appear to be different and sometimes contrast each other. Using any judgment and selection method is very comfortable for you, please circle one of the numbers on each line, one line for each pair of statements.
These statements are intended to provide us with a position to determine the preferred location between us. Some of us may use one or the other of each pair to indicate ourselves.
If you collectively confirm and agree to the first statement [statement A], circle the first [1]. On the other hand, if you fully recognize and agree to the second [declaration B], circle the number 10 [10].
However, if you are like many of us, you may agree to these two statements, at least to some extent. If this is the case, circle a number near the middle or circle a number that you strongly recognize. Get it? it has started.
I. We all have a state of priority, we feel most comfortable and willing to spend time. Some of us prefer the concrete in the world around us and now, while others prefer to spend some or all of our time on general meditation or some form of prayer. Therefore, these two simplified statements are: A] I prefer normal conscious awareness; B] I prefer meditation or mental consciousness.
II. In the second line, we will measure our desire, willingness or need to change ourselves. Some of us may call this transformation process an ideal growth, while others believe that this transformation is unnecessary or even destructive to our self-awareness. Therefore, the statement is: A] I don't like to change, so as to maintain the center in my organized, reality-based self; B] I prefer to change through transcendence or some kind of super personal experience.
III. The third item helps us determine the preferred method of acquiring and maintaining knowledge. The learning style of all of us is slightly different. But let's consider this project as much as possible. In order to simplify this measurement process, we will declare: A] I prefer to acquire knowledge through secret reasons or religious beliefs; B] I prefer to acquire knowledge through higher inspiration and intuition.
IV. Next, we want to consider our perceptions of beliefs and behaviors and the way we rely on authority. Some of us look at defined laws and regulations, while others rely more strongly on internal right and wrong.
Therefore, our fourth statement is: A] I prefer to rely on religious institutions, scientific or philosophical schools, government, social norms or other external authoritative expressions; B] I prefer to rely on my own feelings, senses, intuition , intuition or other intrinsic performance.
V. This fifth project helps us to determine the breadth and scope of the philosophical, religious, and/or scientific principles we follow. Some of us enjoy and thrive on the widest possible base of faith or on the road. Others do better, simpler, clearer, and narrower to guide our lives.
Therefore, these two statements are: A] I prefer a narrow authority of religious beliefs, scientific methods or other aspects, so that anything beyond that principle or thought genre may be false and/or should be avoided; B I prefer to draw a broad and universal foundation of faith from many different doctrines and philosophies.
VI. The next question focuses on how we perceive and attempt to understand things that may exist outside of the purely physical world. It is related to how we acquire knowledge about the subject, whether in time and space, or in eternity and infinity, we simply cannot measure and test. Some of us may think that the only thing that exists is the things around us that we can touch and feel. Some of us may believe in the spiritual reality that transcends the material world. Maybe we think we can't understand all of this and we must treat it as a whole.
On the other hand, we may follow a complex and complex view of the universe. This view may indicate that everything comes from something else, or that the world is like a dramatic drama. The sixth pair of statements is difficult to determine. But let's list them as follows: A] I prefer to think that all of this is just something we can feel or touch. It may be a physical reality plus a spiritual reality, or perhaps a collective that can only be understood as a whole; B] I prefer a view that understands the complex perspective of the universe we must have, Things from the universe, or unfolding and developing into a drama.
Seven. If you have exceeded the sixth item, welcome to the last item! This final identification project is the most important. It contains our views on all absolute reality! In fact, this last item is relatively simple. Many of us believe in certain things. For some of us, it may be the existence of the external or independent motive or supreme being that we call God. For others, it may exist as a collective whole or a theory of all-time energy.
On the other hand, some of us may think that everything is one, whether it exists in the existence of universal consciousness or omnipresent divinity. Therefore, our last pair is: A] I prefer external and independent promoters or beliefs of existence; B] I prefer universal consciousness or omnipresent divinity.
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Orignal From: Behavioral Economics: Mystery and Exosity of Animal Spirit
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