The term "Urdu" ' and its origins
The word Urdu comes from Turkish ordu, meaning camp or army. Urdu is developed among Muslim soldiers of the Muslim army. They belong to various ethnic groups, such as Turks, Arabs, Persians, Patan, Baloch, Rajput, Jeter and Afghans. These soldiers are in close contact with each other and communicate in different dialects, which gradually evolve into the present Urdu language. Therefore, Urdu is also known as the language of the Lashkari Zaban or the army.
In the course of its development, Urdu also has various names, such as the word Urdu - Mullah, meaning that the word "high army and Rehta" given by the emperor Shah Jahan means dispersion [using Persian], these words are unified by the scholars of Urdu poetics.
The history and evolution of Urdu
The evolution and development of any language depends on the evolution and development of the society in which it is used. The invasion and conquest of a place will affect the development of its language. Urdu is no exception, as it has also undergone different stages of development.
Urdu belongs to the Indian-Aryan language family. The native Urdu is considered to be a descendant of Saur Senic Prakrit. The word Prakrriti means root or foundation. It is a later version of Sanskrit. With the beginning of the Prakrit language, it was influenced by the dialects of Khari Boli, Brij Bhasa and Haryanvi in Western Hindi.
With the arrival of Insha's Darya-e-Latafat*, people felt the need to distinguish Urdu from other languages, especially Hindi. It became a controversy in the Hindi-Urdu language, so Khari Boli and Devanagari became Indians, while Urdu and Muslim Persians. In this case, the purpose of Persian and Arabic words replaced with Sanskrit is to distinguish between Hindi and Urdu.
1193 AD - When Muslims signed a contract, Urdu became a unique language. When Muslims conquered this part of the African continent, they turned Persian into the official and cultural language of India. Due to the fusion of local dialects and the language of the invaders [Persian, Arabic and Turkish], the new language that later became Urdu was developed. During the Mughal reign, Urdu was used in palaces and courts until the end of Mughal rule; Urdu is the official language of most Mughal states. This is the era when Urdu became Persian and full of Persian, phrases and even scripts and grammar. With the arrival of the British, new English words have become part of Urdu. Many English words are accepted in their true form, while other words are accepted after some modification.
Currently, the Urdu vocabulary contains approximately 70% of Persian vocabulary, and the remaining vocabulary is a mixture of Arabic and Turkish. However, there are also traces of French, Portuguese and Dutch in Urdu. But these effects are small.
The Urdu language was brought to other parts of the country by soldiers, saints and Sufis, and ordinary people. The political, social and cultural connections between people of different languages and dialects form a mixed form of language called "Rekhta". [a mixture of Urdu and Persian]. Soon, people began to use new languages in their speeches and literature, which were designed to enrich Urdu and literature.
Urdu literature
The origins of Urdu literature can be traced back to the 13th century in India during Mughal rule. One of the most famous poets who used Urdu in his poetry is Amir Khusro, who can be called the father of Urdu. In literature, Urdu is often used in conjunction with Persian. The Mughal King is a great patron of art and literature, and under their rule, Urdu reached its peak. There have been Sheri Mehfils' [King's poetic party] ' court. Abul Fazal Faizi and Abdul Rahim Khankhana are the famous Urdu poets of the Mughal court. Similarly, Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, Hakim Momin, Ibrahim Zauq, Mir Taqi Mir, Sauda, Ibn-e-Insha and Faiz Ahmed Faiz contributed to the evolution of Urdu through their literary works.
Indeed, Hindi and Urdu are descendants of the same language, Prakrit, but Hindi is influenced by Sanskrit and written in Sanskrit. Urdu absorbs Persian, Turkish and Arabic. And the use of Persian-Arabic and Nastaliq calligraphy styles of writing and appearing as a separate language. But apart from the common ancestors, the two languages are as different as possible. Both languages have significant grammar, phonetic and lexical differences.
Urdu is also used by Muslims as a tool for free struggle and raising awareness of the Muslim community in South Asia in order to unite under the independent banner of British independence. To this end, the services of Maulana Hali, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal are noteworthy, and they have inspired the necessary sparks in Muslim life through poetry and prose. Urdu was chosen as the Pakistani national language when Britain was independent. Urdu is now the national language of Pakistan, most of the population language and understanding.
Notes:
from
* A book by Ibn-e-Insha, covering the phonetic and linguistic features of Urdu and various working formulas and rhetorical expressions.
references:
from
1. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain [editor]. Indian Aryan language. Routledge Press. London. 2003.
from
2. Ram Babu Saksena. History of Urdu literature. Sind Sagar Academy. Lahore. 1975.
from
3. Dr. Tariq Lehman. The people and language of the former Islamic Indus Valley. [online] [quoted from April 4, 2009]. Available at: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/scad/archivedwebsites/archivedwebsites/LanguagesInPreIslamicPakistan.htm
from
Mirza Khalil Ahmed Berg. Urdu Grammer: History and structure. Bahri Press. New Delhi. 1988.
from
5. Zoya Zaidi. Urdu: language and poetry. [Online] 2006 [quoted from April 4, 2009]. Available at: http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082006/urdu.htm
Orignal From: Urdu - the origin and history of language
No comments:
Post a Comment