Psychology has made tremendous progress since the beginning of the humility of the late 19th century. Some schools such as behaviorism and psychoanalysis have undergone many changes, but they are still very popular and have a large number of fans.
Contemporary or current psychology is a combination of the best ideas drawn from the contributions of all founders. Also added some new ideas or ideas.
Psychological perspectives refer to how psychology approaches or focuses on different topics within its field. Modern psychology examines various issues related to human behavior from five perspectives. The five main points discussed in the teacher training program are:
1. Biological perspective.
from
2. Behavioral perspectives.
from
3. Cognitive perspective.
from
4. Psychoanalytic perspectives.
from
5. Subjectivist views.
Biological perspective
Psychologists have long been interested in studying the relationship between our biological [body] systems and behavior. They are particularly keen to understand the role of the brain in human behavior. Still, the brain, which contains more than 10 billion nerve cells and has an infinite connection between them, is the most complex structure in the universe.
Biological methods involve understanding the role our brain plays in various psychological processes, such as emotions, reasoning, learning, motivation, and so on. It is intended to describe neural processes that emphasize behavioral and psychological processes. For example, biological perspectives will attempt to understand and observe the chemicals produced in the brain and whether they are any abnormal changes in neurotransmitter levels of depression. It will also study facial recognition for specific areas of the brain, such as the left or right hemisphere.
Therefore, biological methods attempt to understand which specific areas of the brain affect or influence our behavior, as well as the nervous system, how hormones secreted by different glands and other changes in our body affect how we think, feel and behave.
Behavioral perspective
The behavioral approach focuses on explaining the stimuli and responses of almost all behaviors, as well as regulating and enhancing the resulting behavior. For example, a psychologist with a behavioral perspective will attempt to interpret obesity as a tendency for people to overeate [specific reactions] in the context of a particular stimulus [eg, watching TV].
According to the behavioral approach, the rewarded or enhanced human behavior may be repeated again in the future. Through an example of pre-primary teacher training, when a child hits another child [aggressive behavior] and is able to acquire another child's toy [behavior is rewarded], the child is more likely to take positive action in the future.
Cognitive perspective
Cognitive approaches focus on psychological processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, decision making, and problem solving.
Cognitive methods recognize that it is important to study the role of psychological processes in order to fully understand human behavior. If we completely ignore the psychological processes that behaviorists do, then we adopt a very narrow approach and an incomplete description of the dynamics of human behavior.
Cognitive psychologists believe that it is possible to objectively study psychological processes. According to them, human thinking is similar to computers, acting like information on computers.
Psychoanalysis perspective
The psychoanalytic approach is based on the thoughts of Sigmund Freud. This view emphasizes that unconscious processes can affect our behavior. These unconscious processes include beliefs, fears, and desires that one does not know but cannot influence his behavior.
According to the psychoanalytic approach, we are born with some aggressiveness and sexual impulses that are hidden in our parents and society. As a result they are completely aware of the unconscious. However, these impulses have not disappeared, but expressed through socially acceptable behavior or in the form of mental illness and emotional problems. For example, a person can express his aggressive instinct by participating in violent movements such as boxing and wrestling.
Subjectivist view
The subjectivist view emphasizes the importance of perception. According to this method, human behavior does not depend on the objective world, but on the world of perception.
The objective world is what really exists in the real world. Perceiving the world is an individual experience and what he means to these experiences. How a person views the world or the situation depends on his culture, his personal history and his current motivation.
According to the subjectivist approach, cognition is important for understanding behavior, because individual behavior is based in part on contextual thinking at all times. Our response to the various stimuli in the environment is based on our perception. We define reality based on our own opinions. For example, research has found that people tend to overestimate the physical size of high-value coins rather than high-value coins.
An interesting psychological phenomenon emphasized by this approach is local realism - people tend to see their subjective construction of the world as a true and accurate picture of the objective world.
According to early childhood education and training, subjectivist methods have a great impact on society and personality psychology. For example, how people interpret the behavior of others depends on their perception.
The different perspectives discussed above represent different modern approaches to psychology research. They are not mutually exclusive, but focus on different aspects of the same subject. In other words, different methods are just different ways of studying the same phenomenon. Many psychologists take an electric approach. They make the most of each method and use it to study complex psychological problems.
In the five perspectives discussed, all other methods [behavior, cognition, psychoanalysis, and subjectivism] are purely psychological except for the biological perspective. However, biological methods require help from other fields, such as physiology and other biological branches.
Biological methods are often described as reductionism. In reductionism, mental concepts [concepts] are reduced to biological concepts. In other words, physiological reasons explain different psychological problems.
However, it must be pointed out that it is impossible to follow a simplified path of all psychological problems. Psychological interpretation is also important. The concept of psychology, discovery and principles are the starting point for bioscientists to conduct research. For example, a psychological discovery about memory will direct a biological researcher to search for different regions of the brain that are associated with it. Moreover, any interpretation of various psychophenomenology is incomplete without considering our past and present circumstances.
Orignal From: Modern perspective of contemporary psychology
No comments:
Post a Comment